Criminal Justice Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal Justice Systems - Research Paper Example Upon determination of probable cause, the court may conduct search and seizure of specific properties based on alleged proofs or facts indicating that crime indeed happens in specific places (Smith, 2012); b. Arrest done by police authorities of suspected persons for custodial investigation based on probable cause determine by court of jurisdiction to reasonably ascertain the relation of the arrested person to the alleged commission of crimes; (Smith, 2012); c. Conduct of prosecution of a criminal defendant at the district attorney’s office based on evidences and factors in consonance to the gravity and seriousness of crime allegedly committed (Smith, 2012); d. Indictment which is judicially executed by the grand jury upon filing of sufficient information to the office of the prosecutor based on the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedures. Based on the Miranda doctrine, the defendant can choose to have a lawyer of his choice or be afforded by the state for legal representation du ring hearing (Smith, 2012); e. Arraignment by judge before trial to know whether accused enters a plea of guilty or not guilty (Smith, 2012); f. Pre-trial detention and availing of bail (Smith, 2012); g. Plea bargaining between defense lawyer and prosecutor (Smith, 2012); h. Conduct of trial and rendition of decision based on adjudicatory function of the court. Guilt is determined by judge or jury with the participation of prosecutor and defense lawyers. In criminal court, the judge will render conviction based on evidences and determination of guilt beyond reasonable doubt (Smith, 2012); i. The judge convict by rendering its sentence when guilt is determined (Smith, 2012); j. Depending on the result of the trial and the satisfaction of parties involved, an appeal may be filed to appellate court. When the latter reverse decisions, the case will be remanded to lower court for retrial (Smith, 2012); Following the September 9/11 incident, United States broadened the function of the cri minal justice system to make the system as tool of national power for anti-terrorism – inclusive of military intelligence operation (Russo, 2012; Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2000; Cohn, 1978). Authorities believed that this is an effective tool in reducing the capacity of the terrorist group operating within and external of United States. The state has proved that the criminal justice system is good for generating accurate and reliable information to crack the network of terror groups (Russo, 2012; Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2000). 2. Examine the three components of the American Criminal Justice System. Find an issue for each component that you think needs to be addressed to make the system more effective. Devise a solution for each issue and explain your solutions. The three categories of the American Criminal Justice System are federal, state and military (Smith, 2012). Added to these are subcategories which include adult and juvenile cases. Each of these has three maj or components. The first component is law enforcement. This is perceived as the most important part because this cover enforcement of laws and application of investigations and arrest of persons who are culpable under the laws of the state, the federal and the military (Smith, 2012). Law enforcements include filing of charges and putting the convict under reformation to change its behaviour before it’

Lightning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lightning - Essay Example To begin with, lightning contains a massive amount of energy. If it strikes a tree or a house it can destroy it due to the massive transfer of heat. Lightning can heat the air around it to almost 20,000 degrees Celsius which is about three times the temperature of the sun. So much energy travels so quickly in a lightning strike that it creates a supersonic wave which normal people call thunder. Because light travels faster than the speed of sound you usually see the lightning before you hear the thunder on a stormy day.1 It is often said that electricity was discovered by Benjamin Franklin when he went to go fly a kite in a big storm. It is true that the idea of harnessing the power of electricity came to him at that time, though others had carried out similar observations and experiments in the past.2 Even though this helped our understanding of static electricity, not a lot of new information has been learnt about lightning in recent years, how to harness it or use it for human purposes. This is unfortunate. Because of global warming we need new ideas about how to generate energy without harming the environment. If scientists can learn more, we may be able to use lightning to save the planet. Rakov, Vladimir A. Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.